Revolutionizing Analytical Science: Chip Cody’s Journey from DART to Data
The world of analytical science is ever-evolving, and few have contributed as significantly as Robert B. (Chip) Cody. In this interview, we delve into the mind of a scientific pioneer, exploring his journey from early trapped-ion MSⁿ work to the development of the DART ion source and its impact on the field. But it’s not just about the past; Cody also shares his insights on the future of chromatography-mass spectrometry, sparking intriguing debates along the way.
Cody, recognized in Stanford-Elsevier’s 2025 top 2% of scientists, reflects on the innovations that led to his success. He highlights his co-invention of the Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) ion source, a groundbreaking achievement with far-reaching implications. But he also sheds light on his lesser-known graduate work, which resulted in the first trapped-ion tandem-in-time mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and MSn experiments, and the demonstration of electron-collision induced dissociation.
And this is where it gets controversial… Cody believes that the trapped-ion MSn experiment has been more significant than DART in the long term. This bold statement is sure to spark debate among scientists, as DART is widely recognized as a game-changer. But Cody’s perspective, backed by his extensive experience, challenges us to reconsider the impact of these innovations.
Cody’s journey through various interfaces and technologies is a testament to his adaptability. From his undergraduate project in the 1970s, where he built an interface between a gas chromatograph and a computer, to his work with combined GC–MS and the development of the dual-cell Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FTICR), he has witnessed the evolution of analytical science firsthand.
But here’s where it gets technical… Cody explains the challenges of coupling separation and detection, highlighting the complexity of GC–FTICR and the trade-offs between resolving power and spectral acquisition rate. He also introduces the concept of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and its potential applications. The introduction of electrospray, he notes, was a pivotal moment, leading to the ‘killer application’ for FTICR and later, the orbital ion trap.
The interview explores the evolution of LC–MS, from early interfaces like thermospray and particle-beam to the introduction of electrospray and its impact on high-resolution magnetic sector mass spectrometers. Cody’s work with JEOL and the development of the AccuTOF-LC instrument further simplified LC–MS and accurate mass measurements, paving the way for DART’s creation.
Cody discusses future improvements in chromatography-MS interfaces, emphasizing the robustness of modern systems. He highlights the sensitivity of GC–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interfaces and the unique applications of soft-ionization mass spectra. Additionally, he mentions the potential of coupling mass spectrometry with other chromatography forms, such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC), SFC, and capillary electrophoresis (CE).
Now, this is where it gets intriguing… Cody clarifies the role of DART as a complementary tool to chromatography, not a replacement. He explains how ambient ionization, including DART, can provide rapid snapshots of chemical compositions, but also acknowledges its limitations in separating isomers and analyzing complex mixtures. This is where chromatography, with its powerful separation capabilities, steps in.
Cody’s experience with various mass spectrometers, from high-resolution TOF-MS to quadrupoles, offers valuable insights into the trade-offs between resolution, speed, and robustness. He advocates for high-resolution accurate mass measurements, soft ionization, and the critical role they play in structure analysis software. However, he also appreciates the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of quadrupole mass spectrometers for GC–MS systems.
As the interview concludes, Cody reflects on the shift from hardware innovation to software-driven insights. He believes that the future of chromatography-mass spectrometry lies in combining different separation methods and analytical techniques to solve complex problems. Cody’s work with JEOL’s qualitative analysis software, which integrates all available information from GC–MS and GCxGC–MS analyses, is a testament to this approach.
So, what’s your take? Do you agree with Cody’s perspective on the future of analytical science? Are there other frontiers you believe will shape the next 20 years? Join the discussion and share your thoughts on the evolution of chromatography-mass spectrometry and the impact of pioneers like Chip Cody.